Topic: Plant Kingdom Introduction

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Top­ic: Plant King­dom Intro­duc­tion

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Intro­duc­tion

• Whittaker’s Five King­dom Clas­si­fi­ca­tion (1969) includ­ed:
  1️⃣ Mon­era
  2️⃣ Pro­tista
  3️⃣ Fun­gi
  4️⃣ Ani­malia
  5️⃣ Plan­tae 🌿
• This chap­ter focus­es on fur­ther clas­si­fi­ca­tion with­in King­dom Plan­tae.

Changes in the Under­stand­ing of Plan­tae

• Ear­li­er clas­si­fi­ca­tions includ­ed fun­gi, Mon­era, and Pro­tista with cell walls in Plan­tae.
• Now, they have been exclud­ed from Plan­tae.
• Cyanobac­te­ria (Blue-Green Algae) are no longer con­sid­ered ‘true algae’.

Major Groups Under Plan­tae
1️⃣ Algae
2️⃣ Bryophytes
3️⃣ Pteri­do­phytes
4️⃣ Gym­nosperms
5️⃣ Angiosperms

🔹 Evo­lu­tion of Plant Clas­si­fi­ca­tion Sys­tems
✅ Arti­fi­cial Sys­tem – Based on mor­pho­log­i­cal char­ac­ters like habit, leaf shape, col­or, etc. (Lin­naeus’ sys­tem).

• Sep­a­rat­ed close­ly relat­ed species based on a few traits.
• Gave equal weight to veg­e­ta­tive and sex­u­al char­ac­ter­is­tics (unre­li­able as veg­e­ta­tive traits change with the envi­ron­ment).

✅ Nat­ur­al Clas­si­fi­ca­tion Sys­tem – Based on nat­ur­al affini­ties and inter­nal fea­tures (ultra­struc­ture, anato­my, embry­ol­o­gy, phy­to­chem­istry).

• Pro­posed by George Ben­tham & Joseph Dal­ton Hook­er.

✅ Phy­lo­ge­net­ic Clas­si­fi­ca­tion Sys­tem – Based on evo­lu­tion­ary rela­tion­ships.

• Assumes organ­isms in the same taxa share a com­mon ances­tor.
• Helps clas­si­fy species even with­out fos­sil evi­dence.

🔹 Mod­ern Approach­es to Tax­on­o­my
✅ Numer­i­cal Tax­on­o­my – Uses com­put­ers to ana­lyze observ­able traits (assigns numer­i­cal codes for all char­ac­ter­is­tics).
✅ Cyto­tax­on­o­my – Based on chro­mo­some num­ber, struc­ture, and behav­ior.
✅ Chemo­tax­on­o­my – Uses chem­i­cal com­po­si­tion of plants to clas­si­fy them.