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I. Introduction

Neur­al con­trol and coor­di­na­tion involve the ner­vous and endocrine sys­tems work­ing togeth­er to reg­u­late body activ­i­ties. The ner­vous sys­tem pro­vides rapid, short-lived respons­es, while the endocrine sys­tem pro­vides slow, long-last­ing respons­es.

II. Nervous System

A. Com­po­nents:

B. Neu­ron Struc­ture:

• Den­drites: Receive sig­nals from oth­er neu­rons.
• Cell Body (Soma): Con­tains nucle­us and organelles.
• Axon: Trans­mits sig­nals away from the cell body.
• Axon Ter­mi­nals: Release neu­ro­trans­mit­ters at synaps­es.
• Myelin Sheath: Insu­lates the axon, increas­ing sig­nal speed.

C. Types of Neu­rons:

D. Nerve Impulse Con­duc­tion:

1. Rest­ing Poten­tial: Neu­ron is polar­ized (inside neg­a­tive, out­side pos­i­tive) due to Na+/K+ pump.
2. Action Poten­tial: Stim­u­lus caus­es depo­lar­iza­tion (inside pos­i­tive), cre­at­ing a nerve impulse.
3. Prop­a­ga­tion: Action poten­tial trav­els along the axon.
4. Synap­tic Trans­mis­sion: Neu­ro­trans­mit­ters (e.g., acetyl­choline) are released at the synapse, trans­mit­ting the sig­nal to the next neu­ron or effec­tor.

E. Cen­tral Ner­vous Sys­tem (CNS):

• Brain:
  • Cere­brum: Con­trols vol­un­tary actions, think­ing, mem­o­ry.
  • Cere­bel­lum: Coor­di­nates move­ment, bal­ance.
  • Brain­stem: Con­trols invol­un­tary func­tions (breath­ing, heart rate).
• Spinal Cord: Con­nects the brain to the periph­er­al ner­vous sys­tem; involved in reflex actions.

F. Periph­er­al Ner­vous Sys­tem (PNS)

Rapid, invol­un­tary response to a stim­u­lus. Exam­ple: with­draw­ing hand from a hot object.

IV. Sensory Organs

• Eye: Vision (pho­tore­cep­tors: rods and cones).
• Ear: Hear­ing and bal­ance.
• Nose: Smell (olfac­to­ry recep­tors).
• Tongue: Taste (taste buds).
• Skin: Touch, pres­sure, tem­per­a­ture, pain.

VI. Disorders of Nervous

• Alzheimer’s dis­ease.
• Parkin­son’s dis­ease.