Vacuoles: Definition Membrane-bound sacs within the cytoplasm of a cell. Membrane Surrounded by a single membrane called the tonoplast. Contents Water Sap Excretory products (waste) Other materials not useful to the cell Role in Plant Cells Can occupy up to 90% of a plant cell’s volume. Tonoplast actively transports...
Lysosomes: Definition Membrane-bound vesicles (sac-like structures) Formed by the Golgi apparatus Origin Packaged and processed within the Golgi apparatus Enzymes Rich in hydrolytic enzymes (hydrolases) Lipases (digest lipids/fats) Proteases (digest proteins) Carbohydrases (digest carbohydrates) Nucleases (digest nucleic acids) Enzyme Activity Optimal activity in acidic environments (low pH) Function Digestion...
Discovery and Name: Discovered by Camillo Golgi in 1898. Named Golgi bodies in his honor. Structure: Composed of flat, disc-shaped sacs or cisternae (diameter: 0.5µm to 1.0µm). Cisternae are stacked parallel to each other. Arranged concentrically near the nucleus. Two distinct faces: Cis face (Forming face): Convex and faces...
asm. Types of Endoplasmic Reticulum: Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum (RER): Ribosomes attached to the outer surface. Observed in cells involved in protein synthesis and secretion. Extensive and continuous with the nuclear outer membrane. Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum (SER): No ribosomes; appears smooth. Major site for lipid synthesis. In animal cells, responsible...
Definition & Discovery Diseases Caused by Prions✅ In Cattle – Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy (BSE), commonly known as Mad Cow Disease.✅ In Humans – Creutzfeldt-Jakob Disease (CJD).
Absence in Whittaker’s Five Kingdom Classification 🔹 Viruses: Living or Non-living? 🔹 Discovery & History 🔹 Structure of Viruses 🔹 Diseases Caused by Viruses✅ In Humans: Mumps, smallpox, herpes, influenza, and AIDS (HIV).✅ In Plants: Mosaic formation, leaf rolling, curling, yellowing, vein clearing, dwarfing, and stunted growth.
General Characteristics 🔹 Cell Structure 🔹 Major Groups in Kingdom Plantae1️⃣ Algae2️⃣ Bryophytes3️⃣ Pteridophytes4️⃣ Gymnosperms5️⃣ Angiosperms 🔹 Life Cycle & Alternation of Generations