Kingdom Monera Bacteria: Sole members of Kingdom Monera. Most abundant microorganisms on Earth. Ubiquitous (found almost everywhere): Soil Extreme habitats (hot springs, deserts, snow, deep oceans) On/in other organisms as parasites Bacterial Shapes: Coccus (cocci): Spherical Bacillus (bacilli): Rod-shaped Vibrium (vibrio): Comma-shaped Spirillum (spirilla): Spiral Characteristics: Simple structure, but...
Archaebacteria: A unique group of bacteria adapted to survive in extreme environments. Key Characteristics: Extremophiles: Thrive in harsh conditions where most other life forms cannot survive. Distinct Cell Wall: Different cell wall structure compared to other bacteria, enabling their survival in extreme environments. Types of Archaebacteria: Halophiles: Live in extremely salty environments (e.g.,...
Kingdom Protista General Characteristics: All single-celled eukaryotes Primarily aquatic Serve as a link between kingdoms Plantae, Animalia, and Fungi Cell structure: Well-defined nucleus Membrane-bound organelles Movement: Some possess flagella or cilia Reproduction: Asexual and sexual (cell fusion and zygote formation) Boundaries: Not well-defined; overlap with other kingdoms (especially Plantae) What one...
Chrysophytes Members: Diatoms Golden algae (desmids) Habitat: Freshwater and marine environments Characteristics: Microscopic Planktonic (float passively in water currents) Mostly photosynthetic Diatoms: Unique cell walls: Two thin overlapping shells (like a soapbox) Embedded with silica (indestructible) Form diatomaceous earth: Accumulation of cell wall deposits over billions of years Gritty...
Dinoflagellates: Mostly marine (saltwater) organisms with the ability to photosynthesize (like plants). Appearance: Exhibit a variety of colors (yellow, green, brown, blue, red) depending on the pigments within their cells. Structure: Possess a cell wall with stiff cellulose plates providing structural support. Have two flagella (whip-like structures for movement):...
Habitat: Predominantly freshwater organisms. Typically found in stagnant water. Body Structure: Lack a cell wall. Enclosed by a protein-rich pellicle, providing flexibility to the body. Possess two flagella: One is short. The other is long. Mode of Nutrition: Photosynthetic in sunlight. Act as heterotrophs when sunlight is unavailable by...
Slime Moulds: Notes Classification: Slime moulds are saprophytic protists. They feed on decaying organic matter, such as twigs and leaves. Feeding Mechanism: The slime mould’s body moves over decaying matter, engulfing organic material as it progresses. Plasmodium Formation: Under suitable conditions, slime moulds aggregate to form a structure called...
General Characteristics of Protozoans All protozoans are heterotrophic and live as predators or parasites. They are considered primitive relatives of animals. Classified into four major groups based on their mode of movement and lifestyle. Amoeboid Protozoans Habitat – Found in freshwater, seawater, or moist soil. Movement – Use pseudopodia...
General Characteristics of Fungi Heterotrophic organisms showing great diversity in morphology and habitat. Common examples: Fungi on moist bread and rotten fruits. Edible mushrooms and toadstools. White spots on mustard leaves (parasitic fungi). Yeast (unicellular fungi) used in bread and beer production. Disease-causing fungi like Puccinia (wheat rust). Penicillium...
Habitat Found in aquatic environments. Grow on decaying wood in moist and damp places. Some exist as obligate parasites on plants. Structure Mycelium is aseptate and coenocytic (multinucleated continuous tube). Reproduction✅ Asexual Reproduction Occurs via spore formation inside sporangium. Zoospores (motile) or aplanospores (non-motile) are produced endogenously. ✅ Sexual...