Life Cycle & Structure 🔹 Modes of Reproduction✅ Vegetative Reproduction ✅ Sexual Reproduction 🔹 Examples of Mosses1️⃣ Funaria2️⃣ Polytrichum3️⃣ Sphagnum
General Characteristics Commonly known as red algae 🔴 due to the dominance of red pigment (R-phycoerythrin). Mostly marine, with higher concentrations in warmer regions. Can grow in well-lit shallow waters as well as deep ocean waters where light is limited. Structure & Storage Most red algae are multicellular with...
General Characteristics Structure of Bryophytes Reproduction in Bryophytes✅ Sexual Reproduction ✅ Sporophyte Stage Ecological & Economic Importance Classification of Bryophytes1️⃣ Liverworts2️⃣ Mosses
General Characteristics Commonly known as brown algae. Mostly marine organisms 🌊. Great variation in size & form: Simple branched, filamentous forms (Ectocarpus). Profusely branched giant kelps (can grow up to 100 meters in height!). Pigments & Storage Contain chlorophyll a, c, carotenoids, and xanthophylls. Brown color is due to...
General Characteristics Variability in Form & Size Modes of Reproduction✅ Vegetative Reproduction – By fragmentation, where each fragment grows into a new thallus.✅ Asexual Reproduction – By zoospores (motile, flagellated spores that germinate into new plants).✅ Sexual Reproduction – By fusion of gametes: Economic & Ecological Importance Classification of Algae1️⃣ Chlorophyceae (Green Algae)2️⃣ Phaeophyceae (Brown Algae)3️⃣ Rhodophyceae (Red Algae)
General Characteristics Commonly known as green algae. 🌿 Plant body can be unicellular, colonial, or filamentous. Green color due to dominance of chlorophyll a & b. Chloroplasts are well-defined and may have different shapes:✅ Discoid✅ Plate-like✅ Reticulate✅ Cup-shaped✅ Spiral or ribbon-shaped Storage & Cell Wall Composition Storage bodies called...
Introduction Changes in the Understanding of Plantae Major Groups Under Plantae1️⃣ Algae2️⃣ Bryophytes3️⃣ Pteridophytes4️⃣ Gymnosperms5️⃣ Angiosperms 🔹 Evolution of Plant Classification Systems✅ Artificial System – Based on morphological characters like habit, leaf shape, color, etc. (Linnaeus’ system). ✅ Natural Classification System – Based on natural affinities and internal features (ultrastructure, anatomy, embryology, phytochemistry). ✅ Phylogenetic Classification System – Based on evolutionary relationships. 🔹 Modern Approaches to Taxonomy✅ Numerical...
Definition & Discovery Diseases Caused by Prions✅ In Cattle – Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy (BSE), commonly known as Mad Cow Disease.✅ In Humans – Creutzfeldt-Jakob Disease (CJD).