General Characteristics Variability in Form & Size Modes of Reproduction✅ Vegetative Reproduction – By fragmentation, where each fragment grows into a new thallus.✅ Asexual Reproduction – By zoospores (motile, flagellated spores that germinate into new plants).✅ Sexual Reproduction – By fusion of gametes: Economic & Ecological Importance Classification of Algae1️⃣ Chlorophyceae (Green Algae)2️⃣ Phaeophyceae (Brown Algae)3️⃣ Rhodophyceae (Red Algae)
General Characteristics Commonly known as green algae. 🌿 Plant body can be unicellular, colonial, or filamentous. Green color due to dominance of chlorophyll a & b. Chloroplasts are well-defined and may have different shapes:✅ Discoid✅ Plate-like✅ Reticulate✅ Cup-shaped✅ Spiral or ribbon-shaped Storage & Cell Wall Composition Storage bodies called...
General Characteristics Commonly known as brown algae. Mostly marine organisms 🌊. Great variation in size & form: Simple branched, filamentous forms (Ectocarpus). Profusely branched giant kelps (can grow up to 100 meters in height!). Pigments & Storage Contain chlorophyll a, c, carotenoids, and xanthophylls. Brown color is due to...
General Characteristics Commonly known as red algae 🔴 due to the dominance of red pigment (R-phycoerythrin). Mostly marine, with higher concentrations in warmer regions. Can grow in well-lit shallow waters as well as deep ocean waters where light is limited. Structure & Storage Most red algae are multicellular with...
General Characteristics Structure of Bryophytes Reproduction in Bryophytes✅ Sexual Reproduction ✅ Sporophyte Stage Ecological & Economic Importance Classification of Bryophytes1️⃣ Liverworts2️⃣ Mosses
Eubacteria (“True Bacteria”) Characteristics: Rigid cell wall Flagellum (if motile) Cyanobacteria (Blue-Green Algae): Contain chlorophyll a (similar to plants) Photosynthetic autotrophs Forms: Unicellular, colonial, filamentous Habitats: Freshwater, marine, terrestrial Often form blooms in polluted water Some fix nitrogen in specialized cells called heterocysts (e.g., Nostoc, Anabaena) Chemosynthetic Autotrophs: Oxidize inorganic substances (nitrates, nitrites,...
Kingdom Protista General Characteristics: All single-celled eukaryotes Primarily aquatic Serve as a link between kingdoms Plantae, Animalia, and Fungi Cell structure: Well-defined nucleus Membrane-bound organelles Movement: Some possess flagella or cilia Reproduction: Asexual and sexual (cell fusion and zygote formation) Boundaries: Not well-defined; overlap with other kingdoms (especially Plantae) What one...
Chrysophytes Members: Diatoms Golden algae (desmids) Habitat: Freshwater and marine environments Characteristics: Microscopic Planktonic (float passively in water currents) Mostly photosynthetic Diatoms: Unique cell walls: Two thin overlapping shells (like a soapbox) Embedded with silica (indestructible) Form diatomaceous earth: Accumulation of cell wall deposits over billions of years Gritty...
Dinoflagellates: Mostly marine (saltwater) organisms with the ability to photosynthesize (like plants). Appearance: Exhibit a variety of colors (yellow, green, brown, blue, red) depending on the pigments within their cells. Structure: Possess a cell wall with stiff cellulose plates providing structural support. Have two flagella (whip-like structures for movement):...
Habitat: Predominantly freshwater organisms. Typically found in stagnant water. Body Structure: Lack a cell wall. Enclosed by a protein-rich pellicle, providing flexibility to the body. Possess two flagella: One is short. The other is long. Mode of Nutrition: Photosynthetic in sunlight. Act as heterotrophs when sunlight is unavailable by...