General Characteristics Commonly known as brown algae. Mostly marine organisms 🌊. Great variation in size & form: Simple branched, filamentous forms (Ectocarpus). Profusely branched giant kelps (can grow up to 100 meters in height!). Pigments & Storage Contain chlorophyll a, c, carotenoids, and xanthophylls. Brown color is due to...
General Characteristics Variability in Form & Size Modes of Reproduction✅ Vegetative Reproduction – By fragmentation, where each fragment grows into a new thallus.✅ Asexual Reproduction – By zoospores (motile, flagellated spores that germinate into new plants).✅ Sexual Reproduction – By fusion of gametes: Economic & Ecological Importance Classification of Algae1️⃣ Chlorophyceae (Green Algae)2️⃣ Phaeophyceae (Brown Algae)3️⃣ Rhodophyceae (Red Algae)
General Characteristics Commonly known as green algae. 🌿 Plant body can be unicellular, colonial, or filamentous. Green color due to dominance of chlorophyll a & b. Chloroplasts are well-defined and may have different shapes:✅ Discoid✅ Plate-like✅ Reticulate✅ Cup-shaped✅ Spiral or ribbon-shaped Storage & Cell Wall Composition Storage bodies called...
Introduction Changes in the Understanding of Plantae Major Groups Under Plantae1️⃣ Algae2️⃣ Bryophytes3️⃣ Pteridophytes4️⃣ Gymnosperms5️⃣ Angiosperms 🔹 Evolution of Plant Classification Systems✅ Artificial System – Based on morphological characters like habit, leaf shape, color, etc. (Linnaeus’ system). ✅ Natural Classification System – Based on natural affinities and internal features (ultrastructure, anatomy, embryology, phytochemistry). ✅ Phylogenetic Classification System – Based on evolutionary relationships. 🔹 Modern Approaches to Taxonomy✅ Numerical...
Definition & Discovery Diseases Caused by Prions✅ In Cattle – Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy (BSE), commonly known as Mad Cow Disease.✅ In Humans – Creutzfeldt-Jakob Disease (CJD).
Absence in Whittaker’s Five Kingdom Classification 🔹 Viruses: Living or Non-living? 🔹 Discovery & History 🔹 Structure of Viruses 🔹 Diseases Caused by Viruses✅ In Humans: Mumps, smallpox, herpes, influenza, and AIDS (HIV).✅ In Plants: Mosaic formation, leaf rolling, curling, yellowing, vein clearing, dwarfing, and stunted growth.
General Characteristics 🔹 Reproduction✅ Asexual Reproduction 🔹 Structure 🔹 Mode of Nutrition 🔹 Examples